Each of the four pollutants which are part of these fishable and swimmable definitions declined rapidly during this period. It is possible that areas with more pollution data may be of greater interest; for example, FigureI, Panel C shows more monitoring sites in more populated areas. What are pros and cons of the clean water act? - Answers E_{cy}=\beta D_{cy}+\upsilon _{c}+\eta _{wy}+\epsilon _{cy}. Dissolved oxygen deficit equals 100 minus dissolved oxygen saturation, measured in percentage points. That study does not separately identify the effect of the pollution tax from the effect of the abatement subsidy. The positive coefficients in the richer specifications of columns (2) through (4) are consistent with increases in home values, though most are statistically insignificant. E[G_{py}d_{d}\cdot \epsilon _{dpy}|X_{pdy}^{^{\,\,\prime }},\eta _{pd},\eta _{py},\eta _{dwy}]=0. Column (1) includes only plants analyzed in column (2) of TableII. 33 U.S.C. Volume II, Clean Water Construction Grants Program News, Handbook of Procedures: Construction Grants Program for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Works, The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990, A Benefits Assessment of Water Pollution Control Programs Since 1972: Part 1, The Benefits of Point Source Controls for Conventional Pollutants in Rivers and Streams: Final Report, A Retrospective Assessment of the Costs of the Clean Water Act: 1972 to 1997: Final Report, Progress in Water Quality: An Evaluation of the National Investment in Municipal Wastewater Treatment, The National Costs to Implement TMDLs (Draft Report): Support Document 2, The Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis, ATTAINS, National Summary of State Information, Water Pollution: Information on the Use of Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems, From Microlevel Decisions to Landscape Changes: An Assessment of Agricultural Conservation Policies, American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Environmental Policy Choice: Pollution Abatement Subsidies, Water Pollution Policy. Focus on balancing cost and health . The largest ratios of estimated benefits to costs are for areas where outdoor fishing or swimming is common (ratio of 0.53), for high-amenity urban areas (ratio of 0.40), and in the South (ratio of 0.84). Q_{pdy} & =\sum _{\tau =-10}^{\tau =25}\gamma _{\tau }1[G_{p,y+\tau }=1]d_{d}+X_{pdy}^{^{\,\,\prime }}\beta +\eta _{pd}+\eta _{py}+\eta _{dwy}+\epsilon _{pdy}. Column (4) includes imputed home values for the nonmetro areas that were not in the 1970 or 1980 census.24, Clean Water Act Grants: Costs and Effects on Home Values (|${\$}$|2014B|$\mathrm n$|). The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), EPA History: Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, The official text of the CWA continues to be available in. Each grant decreases dissolved oxygen deficits by 0.7 percentage points, and decreases the probability that downstream waters are not fishable by 0.7 percentage points. Finally, we average this ratio across plants in each county. One such channel involves substitutioncleaning up part of a river in an area with many dirty rivers might have different value than cleaning up a river in an area with many clean rivers. Grants and population are both skewed, so large shares of both are in the top decile. The main regression sample includes only a balanced panel of tracts that appear in all four censuses between 1970 and 2000; imputing values for missing homes hardly changes the ratio in column (4).
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